SecondTongue

Dentist Central London

2006-10-18T13:30:00.000-07:00

The Welbeck clinic offers specialist Cosmetic Dentistry in a central London location. Dr Joe Oliver has worked for over 11 years in Cosmetic Dentistry and now provides a 1 day Cosmetic Dentistry solution which includes Teeth Whitening, Porcelain Veneers and Dental Crowns.

Amphibolite

2005-04-05T05:50:00.000-07:00

A rock composed largely or dominantly of minerals of the amphibole group. The term has been applied to rocks of either igneous or metamorphic origin. In igneous rocks, the term hornblendite is more common and restrictive; hornblende is the most common amphibole and is typical of such rocks. Hornblendite is an ultramafic rock (dominantly dark minerals) and is also

Brun, Rudolf

2005-04-02T10:57:00.000-08:00

Although a member of the old Zürich nobility, Brun put himself at the head of a coalition of discontented knights and artisans that in 1336 overthrew the old oligarchical

Albano, Lake

2005-04-01T23:19:00.000-08:00

Italian Lago Albano, crater lake in the Alban Hills (Colli Albani), southeast of Rome. Elliptical in shape, formed by the fusion of two ancient volcanic craters, it lies 961 feet (293 m) above sea level and has an area of 2 square miles (5 square km) and a maximum depth of 558 feet (170 m). It is fed by underground sources and drained by an artificial outlet, reputedly built in 398–397 BC because the oracle at Delphi said that the

Romilly, Sir Samuel

2005-03-29T19:33:00.000-08:00

English legal reformer whose chief efforts were devoted to lessening the severity of English criminal law. His attacks on the laws authorizing capital punishment for a host of minor felonies and misdemeanours, such as begging by soldiers and sailors without a permit, were partly successful during his lifetime and contributed to reforms

United States, Effects of the War of 1812

2005-03-28T11:42:00.000-08:00

Internally, the decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall in such cases as McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) promoted nationalism by strengthening Congress and national power at the expense of the states. The congressional decision to charter the second Bank of the United States (1816) was explained in part by the nation's financial weaknesses, exposed by the War of 1812, and in part by the intrigues of financial interests. The readiness of Southern Jeffersonians—former strict constructionists—to support such a measure indicates, too, an amazing degree of national feeling. Perhaps the clearest sign of a new sense of national unity was the victorious Republican Party, standing in solitary splendour on the national political horizon, its long-time foes the Federalists vanished without a trace (on the national level) and Monroe, the Republican standard-bearer, reelected so overwhelmingly in 1820 that it was long believed that the one electoral vote denied him had been held back only in order to preserve George Washington's record of unanimous selection.

Computers, Von Neumann's Preliminary Discussion

2005-03-25T20:24:00.000-08:00

But the design of the modern, or classical, computer did not fully crystallize until the publication of a 1946 paper by Arthur Burks, Herman Goldstine, and John von Neumann titled “Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument.” Although many researchers contributed ideas directly or indirectly to the paper, von Neumann was the principal

Amur

2005-03-23T10:44:00.000-08:00

Russian Amurskaya oblast (province), far eastern Russia. It occupies the basins of the middle Amur River and its tributary the Zeya and extends up to the crest of the Stanovoy Range. In 1689 Russia yielded the Amur region to China by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, but Russian Cossacks reincorporated it in the latter part of the 19th century. Amur oblast was formed in 1932 from Khabarovsk kray (region), and its

Pythagoras

2005-03-21T05:18:00.000-08:00

Pythagoras migrated to southern

Wyndham

2005-03-20T16:10:00.000-08:00

Most northerly seaport of Western Australia. It lies at the mouth of the King River, on the West Arm of Cambridge Gulf (an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf of the Timor Sea). Founded in 1885 as a port for the Kimberley goldfield, it was named after the son of Sir Napier Broome, governor at the time. In 1919 the state government selected Wyndham as the site of a meatworks, which now serves

Guyton De Morveau, Louis Bernard

2005-03-18T18:58:00.000-08:00

Guyton studied law at Dijon, practiced there from 1756 to 1762, and was an advocate-general in the provincial parlement of Burgundy from 1762 to 1782. In the latter year he retired to devote himself full

Ovulation

2005-03-18T18:28:00.000-08:00

Release of a mature egg from the female ovary; the release enables the egg to be fertilized by the male sperm cells. Normally, in humans, only one egg is released at one time; occasionally, two or more erupt during the menstrual cycle. The egg erupts from the ovary on the 14th to 16th day of the approximately 28-day menstrual cycle. If not fertilized, the egg is passed from the reproductive

Habakkuk, The Book Of

2005-03-16T03:27:00.000-08:00

It is difficult to fix the date of the book, but the mention of the Chaldeans as Yahweh's agent (1:6) suggests the period

Visitation

2005-03-13T11:50:00.000-08:00

The visit, described in the Gospel According to Luke (1:39–56), made by the Virgin Mary, pregnant with the infant Jesus, to her cousin Elizabeth. At the sound of Mary's greeting, the pregnant Elizabeth felt the infant St. John the Baptist leap in her womb, which, according to later doctrine, signified that he had become sanctified and cleansed of original sin. Mary then said the Magnificat

Dwarka

2005-03-12T17:11:00.000-08:00

Town, southwestern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula, a small western extension of the Kathiawar Peninsula. Dwarka, or the “City of Many Gates” (Sanskrit: Dvaraka, or Dvaravati), is also known as Jagat, or Jigat. Dwarka was the legendary capital of the god Krishna, who founded it after his flight from Mathura. Its consequent sanctity

Computers, The Internet

2005-03-09T10:37:00.000-08:00

The Internet grew out of funding by the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), to develop a communication system among government and academic computer-research laboratories. The first network component, ARPANET, became operational in October 1969. With only 15 nongovernment (university) sites

Zollinger, Albin

2005-03-08T11:42:00.000-08:00

Zollinger was a primary school teacher who lived in or near Zürich all his life except for four years (1903–07) in Argentina. Three-quarters of his work was written in the last 10 years of his life, during which he consumed himself in creative activity. Following

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

2005-03-05T08:32:00.000-08:00

During his student days at Kiev

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

2005-03-04T01:44:00.000-08:00

NBC was formed in 1926 jointly by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), GE, and Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Created by David Sarnoff, RCA's president (or, from 1947, chairman), NBC was the first American company organized solely and specifically to operate a radio broadcasting

Alkali Metal

2005-03-02T01:22:00.000-08:00

Any of the six chemical elements that make up Group I of the periodic table—namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). (See Figure.) The alkali metals are so called because they form alkalies (i.e., strong bases capable of neutralizing acids) when they combine with other elements. Sodium and potassium are the sixth and seventh most abundant

Biblical Literature, Obadiah

2005-02-28T06:02:00.000-08:00

The Book of Obadiah, the fourth book of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, contains only 21 verses. Nothing is known about the prophet as a person or about his times. It may have been written before the Exile, though many scholars believe that it was composed either some time after 586 BCE or in the mid-5th century, when the Jews returned to the area around Jerusalem. The prophet concentrates

Udall, Nicholas

2005-02-25T05:50:00.000-08:00

Udall was educated at the University of Oxford, where he became a lecturer and fellow. He became a schoolmaster in 1529 and was teaching in London in 1533 when he wrote “ditties and interludes” for Anne

Photography, Technology Of, Gamma radiography

2005-02-24T20:21:00.000-08:00

The technique of gamma-ray radiography is similar to that of X-ray radiography except that it relies on rays emitted by radioactive substances. Gamma rays have wavelengths from 100 to 1,000 times shorter than X rays and correspondingly greater penetrating power. Small gamma-ray sources are placed in areas inaccessible to X-ray tubes, such as inside pipelines. In all radiographic

Seshego

2005-02-21T15:42:00.000-08:00

Town, Northern province, South Africa. It lies directly northwest of Pietersburg. Until 1974 Seshego was the capital of the nonindependent black state of Lebowa, which was abolished in 1994. The town's industries produce food, beverages, tobacco, textiles, wearing apparel, leather goods, wood and wood products, fabricated metal products, machinery, and equipment. Many of Seshego's

Brugge

2005-02-19T13:27:00.000-08:00

French Bruges, capital of West Flanders province, northwestern Belgium, about 10 miles (16 km) south of Zeebrugge, its port on the North Sea. Originally a landing place on the Zwijn estuary, into which the Reie River flowed, it was mentioned in the 7th century as the Municipium Brugense (a name derived from a Roman bridge over the Reie). After it was evangelized by St. Eloi, bishop of Noyon-Tournai,

Abrahams, Peter

2005-02-17T01:43:00.000-08:00

Abrahams left South Africa at the age of 20, settling first in Britain and then in Jamaica; nevertheless, most of his novels and short stories are based on his early life

Aaronic Priesthood

2005-02-15T02:05:00.000-08:00

In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the lesser of the two categories of priests, concerned principally with church finances and administration. See Mormon.

Race, Mendelian heredity and the development of blood group systems

2005-02-13T05:38:00.000-08:00

In 1900, after the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's experiments dealing with heredity, scientists began to focus greater attention on genes and chromosomes. Their objective was to ascertain the hereditary basis for numerous physical traits. Once the ABO blood group system was discovered and was shown to follow the pattern of Mendelian heredity, other systems—the MN

Sete Lagoas

2005-02-12T07:59:00.000-08:00

City, central Minas Gerais estado (“state”), Brazil. Sete Lagoas lies in the highlands near the Espinhaço Mountains. It is a commercial centre for an agricultural region that raises corn (maize), feijão (beans), sugarcane, cassava, and rice, as well as livestock. Manufacturing and dairy and food-processing plants are in the city, which is on the Rio de Janeiro–Brasília highway

Insurance, Ocean marine insurance

2005-02-09T20:12:00.000-08:00

Ocean marine contracts are written to cover four major types of property interest: (1) the vessel or hull, (2) the cargo, (3) the freight revenue to be received by the ship owner, and (4) legal liability for negligence of the shipper or the carrier. Hull insurance covers losses to the vessel itself from specified perils. Usually there is a provision that the marine hull should be covered

Anthony Of Egypt, Saint

2005-02-07T20:54:00.000-08:00

A disciple of Paul of Thebes, Anthony began

United Kingdom, Flag Of The

2005-02-05T17:10:00.000-08:00

The earliest form of the flag of Great Britain, developed in 1606 and used during the reigns of James I (1603–25) and Charles I (1625–49), displayed the red cross of England superimposed on the white cross of Scotland, with the blue field of the latter. Because in heraldry a red on blue is not considered permissible, the red cross had to be bordered with white, its own correct field. During the Commonwealth

Coleroon River

2005-02-04T00:36:00.000-08:00

River in Tiruchchirappalli and Thanjavur districts, Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India, formed by the northern bifurcation of the Cauvery River at Srirangam. The river flows between South Arcot and Thanjavur districts for 36 mi (58 km) and empties through several mouths into the Bay of Bengal, 3 mi south of Porto Novo. The Coleroon is part of the Cauvery Delta, the most fertile and

Ear Disease

2005-02-01T15:17:00.000-08:00

Diseases of the outer ear are those that afflict skin, cartilage, and the glands and hair follicles in the outer-ear canal. The sound-transmitting function of the outer ear is impaired when the ear canal becomes filled with tumour, infected material, or earwax (cerumen), so that sound cannot reach the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. The most common diseases of the outer

Amboseli National Park

2005-01-31T01:49:00.000-08:00

Formerly Masai Amboseli Game Reserve, national park, southern Kenya, East Africa. Amboseli was originally established as a game reserve in 1948 and covered 1,259 sq mi (3,261 sq km), northwest of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. Within it were distinguished seven habitats: open plains, acacia woodland, lava-strewn thorn-bush country, swamp, marshland, the Amboseli lake bed, and the slopes of Oldoinyo Orok. The reserve was also occupied

Devil Ray

2005-01-28T06:17:00.000-08:00

Also called Manta Ray, any of several genera of marine rays comprising the family Mobulidae (class Selachii). Flattened, and wider than they are long, devil rays have fleshy, enlarged pectoral fins that look like wings; extensions of these fins, looking like devils' horns, project as the cephalic fins from the front of the head. Devil rays have long, whiplike tails provided, in some species, with

Juárez

2005-01-26T04:18:00.000-08:00

The city's historic buildings include the Guadalupe mission

Kyoto

2005-01-24T08:57:00.000-08:00

Fu (urban prefecture), Honshu, Japan, bounded by the ken (prefectures) of Fukui and Shiga (east), Nara (south), and Hyogo (northwest), the fu of Osaka (southwest), and the Sea of Japan (north). Much of it is composed of the Tamba Mountains, which are sometimes considered to be the eastern extension of the Chugoku Range. From 1874 until World War II, Kyoto was the prefecture with the largest industrial

Ca' Da Mosto, Alvise

2005-01-23T17:49:00.000-08:00

Retained by Prince Henry the Navigator, he set sail on March 22, 1455, visited Madeira and the Canary Islands, and coasted along Africa past the mouth of the Senegal River. He ascended some distance up the Gambia River, but, finding the people hostile, he returned to

Acadia National Park

2005-01-20T17:00:00.000-08:00

National park on the Atlantic coast of Maine, U.S., astride Frenchman Bay. It has an area of 65 square miles (168 square km) and was originally established as Sieur de Monts National Monument (1916), named for Pierre du Guast, sieur (lord) de Monts. It became the first national park in the eastern United States, as Lafayette National Park in 1919, and was renamed Acadia in 1929 to preserve the historic

Paer, Ferdinando

2005-01-18T08:06:00.000-08:00

Paer produced his first opera, Orphée et Euridice, in Parma in 1791. From 1797 to 1802 he was in Vienna, where his most successful opera, Camilla, was produced in 1799. He was in Dresden from 1802 to 1806 and then went

Yukaghir Language

2005-01-17T01:13:00.000-08:00

Language spoken by not more than a few hundred persons in the Kolyma River region of Sakha (Yakutiya) republic of Russia. Yukaghir was traditionally grouped in the catchall category of Paleo-Siberian languages with a number of languages that are not genetically related or structurally similar. More recently, however, Yukaghir has been considered a distant relative

A Cappella

2005-01-14T20:55:00.000-08:00

The a cappella style arose about the time of the composer Josquin des Prez, in the late 15th century, and reached preeminence with Palestrina in the late 16th century in the music

Scandinavian Literature, Norway

2005-01-12T03:19:00.000-08:00

Several of Denmark's leading writers of the 18th century were of Norwegian birth, preeminently Ludvig Holberg and the members of Det Norske Selskab (the Norwegian Society). Established in Copenhagen in 1772 by a group of resident Norwegians, it looked to French rather than to German and English literature for models. Within Norway itself there was little overt literary

Birnin Kebbi

2005-01-11T23:00:00.000-08:00

Town and capital of Kebbi state, northwestern Nigeria. It lies along the Sokoto (Kebbi) River at the intersection of roads from Argungu, Jega, and Bunza. An early settlement of the Kebbawa, a subgroup of the Hausa, it was captured about 1516 by Muhammadu Kanta, founder of the Kebbi kingdom; subsequently, it was incorporated into Kebbi, one of the banza bakwai (the seven illegitimate

Paul Of The Cross, Saint

2005-01-08T17:04:00.000-08:00

In 1720 Paul dedicated his life to God and began to experience visions, in the last of which the Virgin Mary appeared to him. He was inspired by this vision to found a congregation devoted to the suffering of Christ on the cross, and his

Pembroke, William Marshal, 1st Earl Of

2005-01-06T11:07:00.000-08:00

Marshal's father, John (FitzGilbert) the Marshal (d. 1165), fought for the empress Matilda (widow of the German emperor Henry V and daughter of Henry I of England) in her unsuccessful struggle to gain the throne

Earth Exploration, Remote sensing

2005-01-04T13:13:00.000-08:00

This comprises measurements of electromagnetic radiation from the ground, usually of reflected energy in various spectral ranges measured from aircraft or satellites. Remote sensing encompasses aerial photography and other kinds of measurements that are generally displayed in the form of photograph-like images. Its applications involve a broad range

Chiba

2005-01-03T01:59:00.000-08:00

Ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, lying on the Pacific coast of the Kanto Plain. It consists of the Boso Peninsula, which lies east of Tokyo Bay and south of the Tone River. Surpluses of rice, vegetables, eggs, and flowers are produced for Tokyo, and offshore fisheries flourish. The Tokyo-Yokohama industrial belt (see Keihin Industrial Zone) has expanded into Chiba prefecture

Kwanzaa

2004-12-31T09:31:00.000-08:00

, also spelled Kwanza adaptation of an African harvest festival, celebrated from December 26 to January 1. It was created in 1966 by Maulana Karenga, a professor of black studies at California State University in Long Beach, who added an additional “a” to the end of the name to distinguish it from the African festival. Although Kwanzaa is primarily an African American holiday, it has also come to be

Furniture, Wood

2004-12-30T00:24:00.000-08:00

A relatively cheap material, wood lends itself to various kinds of treatment; for example, it can be stained, painted, gilded, and glued.

Earth Sciences, Micropaleontology

2004-12-27T22:43:00.000-08:00

Microscopic fossils, such as ostracods, foraminifera, and pollen grains, are common in sediments of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (from about 225,000,000 years ago to the present). Because the rock chips brought up in oil wells are so small, a high-resolution instrument known as a scanning electron microscope had to be developed to study the microfossils. The classification of

Elephantine

2004-12-25T14:04:00.000-08:00

Arabic Jazirat Aswan, island in the Nile opposite Aswan city in Aswan muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt. Elephantine is the Greek name for pharaonic Abu. There the 18th- and 19th-dynasty pharaohs built a large temple to Khnum, the ram god of the cataract region, to his consort, Sati, and to Anuket, goddess of nearby Sehel. To the north stands the Old and Middle Kingdom shrine. Numerous outstanding rock

Janssen, Johannes

2004-12-22T01:47:00.000-08:00

Reared in a staunchly Catholic home, he attended local schools and then studied at Münster, the University of Louvain (1850–51), and the University of Bonn (1851–53). After

Kediri

2004-12-19T07:48:00.000-08:00

Ancient Kadiri city, Jawa Timur provinsi (“province”), eastern Java, Indonesia. It is situated on the Brantas River, at the foot of Mount Wilis, 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Surabaya. It is the centre of a sugar industry and of trade in such agricultural products as coffee, tobacco, rice, and cassava. The city's light manufacturing includes textile and lumber mills and machine shops. The surrounding

Kynaston, Edward

2004-12-17T15:15:00.000-08:00

His last female role was in Beaumont and Fletcher's Maid 's Tragedy with Killigrew's Company (1661). Earlier in that year the English diarist Samuel Pepys reports—having seen Kynaston play several parts in Ben Jonson's comedy The Silent Woman, one as a woman gallant in fine clothes—“And

Mu'allaqat, Al-

2004-12-16T14:12:00.000-08:00

Taken together, the poems of the Mu'allaqat provide an excellent picture

San Jacinto, Battle Of

2004-12-11T14:30:00.000-08:00

(April 21, 1836), defeat of a Mexican army of about 1,500 troops under General Antonio López de Santa Anna by about 800 men (mostly recent arrivals in Texas) led by General Sam Houston. The outcome assured the success of American settlers in Texas in their war for independence from Mexico. Along the San Jacinto River, near the site of what was to be the city of Houston, Houston's men, after days

Viète, François, Seigneur (lord) De La Bigotiere

2004-12-10T03:31:00.000-08:00

Viète, a Huguenot sympathizer, solved a complex cipher of more than 500 characters used by King Philip II of Spain in his war to defend Roman Catholicism from the Huguenots. When Philip, assuming that the cipher could

Literary Criticism, Medieval period

2004-12-08T03:26:00.000-08:00

In the Christian Middle Ages criticism suffered from the loss of nearly all the ancient critical texts and from an antipagan distrust of the literary imagination. Such Church Fathers as Tertullian, Augustine, and Jerome renewed, in churchly guise, the Platonic argument against poetry. But both the ancient gods and the surviving classics reasserted their fascination,

Atelectasis

2004-12-06T13:49:00.000-08:00

Congenital atelectasis is seen in stillborn infants who never breathe and in children living

Károlyi, Mihály, Count (gróf)

2004-12-03T21:46:00.000-08:00

In full Mihaly, Count Károlyi von Nagykárolyi Hungarian statesman who before World War I desired a reorientation of Austro-Hungarian foreign policy toward friendship with states other than Germany. He also advocated concessions to Hungary's non-Magyar subjects. After the war, as president of the Hungarian Democratic Republic in 1919, Károlyi was

Aqtöbe

2004-12-02T02:53:00.000-08:00

Formerly Aktyubinsk, city, northwestern Kazakstan, on the Ilek River. It was founded in 1869 as Aktyube (“White Hill”), a small Russian fort; the first Russian peasant settlers arrived in 1878. In 1891 it became the capital of an uyezd (canton) and in 1932 of an oblast (province). During World War II a ferroalloys plant was built to smelt the nickel and chromium ores of the Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills. Now an important

Heilbronn

2004-11-29T15:15:00.000-08:00

City, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along the Neckar River and is surrounded by vineyards and the Swabian Forest. Built on the site of an old Roman settlement, it was first mentioned in 741, and the Carolingian princes had a palace there. Heilbronn was created a free imperial city in 1281. Its name—originally Heiligbronn, or “holy spring”—refers to

Miracle, Sacred places

2004-11-28T00:29:00.000-08:00

Miracles are often connected with special sacred places. Normally these are natural shrines, such as sacred groves, or temples and sanctuaries in which a god or spirit lives or has manifested himself or in which his statue, symbol, holy objects, or relics are enshrined. Holy places, such as Mecca and the Ka'bah in Islam or the Buddhist stupas, are centres of pilgrimages

Robbins, Frederick Chapman

2004-11-25T03:39:00.000-08:00

American pediatrician and virologist who received (with John Enders and Thomas Weller) the 1954 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for successfully cultivating poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. This accomplishment made possible the production of polio vaccines, the development of sophisticated diagnostic

Nigeria

2004-11-24T00:21:00.000-08:00

The first national conventions of the five political parties that had been granted legal status were held in November 1996. The parties elected their leaders as follows:

Tequila

2004-11-22T03:41:00.000-08:00

Distilled liquor, usually clear in colour and unaged, that is made from the fermented juice of the Mexican agave plant, specifically several varieties of Agave tequilana Weber. Tequila contains 40–50 percent alcohol (80–100 U.S. proof). The beverage, which was developed soon after the Spaniards introduced distillation to Mexico, is named for the town of Tequila in the Mexican state

Muharraq, Al-

2004-11-20T22:14:00.000-08:00

Taken

Iblis

2004-11-17T09:07:00.000-08:00

At the creation of man, God ordered all his angels to bow down in obedience before Adam. Iblis refused, claiming he was a nobler being

Arguedas, José María

2004-11-15T10:54:00.000-08:00

Arguedas's father was an itinerant judge. His mother, from a locally prominent family, died when he was only three years old. He was raised in part by Quechua Indians and learned to speak Quechua

Philetaerus

2004-11-13T14:41:00.000-08:00

Philetaerus initiated the policies that made Pergamum a leading centre of Greek civilization in the East. He served under Antigonus I Monophthalmus, successor to Alexander

Illinois, Resources

2004-11-12T19:05:00.000-08:00

Illinois ranks second in the United States in reserves of coal overall and first in reserves of bituminous coal. Although Illinois is not the nation's leading coal producer, coal is the state's leading mineral commodity in value. Peak petroleum production was reached in 1940 and has declined since. Illinois leads in the mining of fluorspar, tripoli, and industrial

Karatepe

2004-11-09T13:10:00.000-08:00

(Turkish: “Black Hill”), site of a Late Hittite fortress city, located in the piedmont country of the Taurus Mountains in south-central Turkey. The city, dating from the 8th century BC, was discovered in 1945 by Helmuth T. Bossert and Halet Çambel. It was built with a polygonal fortress wall and an upper and lower gateway of monumental proportions. The gate chambers are lined with inscribed

Ear Disease

2004-11-08T19:33:00.000-08:00

The labyrinth of the inner ear contains the nerve endings of the vestibular nerve—the nerve of equilibrium—and the auditory nerve, which are branches of the vestibulocochlear, or eighth cranial, nerve. The vestibular nerve ends supply the semicircular canals and the otolithic membranes in the vestibule. The auditory nerve supplies the cochlea. Diseases of the

Economic Affairs

2004-11-03T04:02:00.000-08:00

For the American

Soga Emishi

2004-11-02T17:49:00.000-08:00

Under Emishi's father, Soga Umako, the Soga family had begun to dominate the imperial court. Umako had been content to remain unobtrusive in

Proconsul

2004-10-30T15:17:00.000-07:00

Latin Pro Consule, or Proconsul, in the ancient Roman Republic, a consul whose powers had been extended for a definite period after his regular term of one year. From the mid-4th century BC the Romans recognized the necessity, during lengthy wars, of extending the terms of certain magistrates; such extension was termed prorogatio. Initially prorogation was voted by the people, but soon the Senate assumed

China, The Nien Rebellion

2004-10-28T10:30:00.000-07:00

Often in the first half of the 19th century plundering gangs, called nien, ravaged northern Anhwei, southern Shantung, and southern Honan. In mid-century, however, their activities were suddenly intensified, partly by the addition to their numbers of a great many starving people who had lost their livelihood from repeated floods of the Huang Ho in the early 1850s, and partly

Vitalism

2004-10-26T23:04:00.000-07:00

School of scientific thought—the germ of which dates from Aristotle—that attempts (in opposition to mechanism and organicism) to explain the nature of life as resulting from a vital force peculiar to living organisms and different from all other forces found outside living things. This force is held to control form and development and to direct the activities

Charadriiform, Reproduction

2004-10-24T20:04:00.000-07:00

The modes of reproduction in the charadriiforms are only slightly less diverse than the food habits. Nearly all are ground nesters, laying few eggs (two to four in most families; up to six in jacanas) often with little or no nesting material. Usually the eggs are protectively coloured. Some species nest in crevices or burrows, a few in trees. Many are colonial, with aggregations

Atholl

2004-10-23T23:07:00.000-07:00

Mountainous traditional region covering approximately 450 square miles (1,165 square km) in northern Perth and Kinross council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland. Enclosed by several ranges of the Grampians, which exceed 3,000 feet (900 metres) in elevation, the Atholl basin, with an elevation of 1,500 feet (457 metres), is entered by the passes of Drumochter in the north and Killiecrankie

South American Indian Languages, Quechumaran

2004-10-20T18:18:00.000-07:00

Quechumaran, which is composed of the Quechuan and Aymaran families, is the stock with the largest number of speakers—7,000,000 for Quechuan and 1,000,000 for Aymaran—and is found mainly in the Andean highlands extending from southern Colombia to northern Argentina. The languages of this group have also resisted displacement by Spanish, in addition to having gained in numbers of

Gujarat, Education

2004-10-18T06:12:00.000-07:00

Primary schools for all children between the ages of 7 and 11 have been opened in nearly all villages with 500 or more inhabitants. Special schools are run for tribal children and for the teaching of arts and crafts. There are many secondary schools, as well as nine universities and a large number of institutions for higher education. Technical education is provided by engineering

Theobald, Lewis

2004-10-16T22:55:00.000-07:00

When in 1726 Theobald brought out his Shakespeare Restored; or, A Specimen of the Many Errors As Well Committed As Unamended by Mr. Pope, in His Late Edition of This Poet, Alexander Pope, whose edition

Ramiro Ii

2004-10-15T17:03:00.000-07:00

King of Leon and Asturias in Christian Spain from 931 to 951. The second son of King Ordoño II, he became king on the abdication of his elder brother, Alfonso IV. Ramiro was an exceptional general who scored several major victories (e.g., the Battle of Simancas, 939) over the caliphate of Córdoba in Muslim Spain. In 944 he negotiated a five-year truce with the caliph 'Abd

Yoga

2004-10-13T02:41:00.000-07:00

The practical aspects of Yoga play a more important part than does its intellectual content, which is largely based on the philosophy of Sa

China, Administration of the state

2004-10-11T01:25:00.000-07:00

The T'ang unification had been far more prolonged and bloody than the Sui conquest. That the T'ang regime lasted for nearly three centuries rather than three decades, as with the Sui, was largely the result of the system of government imposed on the conquered territories. The emperor Kao-tsu's role in the T'ang conquest was understated in the traditional histories compiled

Crocker, Lucretia

2004-10-07T23:04:00.000-07:00

Crocker graduated from the State Normal School in West Newton, Massachusetts, in 1850 and remained there for four more years as an instructor

Paraguay, Flag Of

2004-10-05T09:40:00.000-07:00

Isolated from much of the rest of Spanish-dominated South America, Paraguay developed a unique flag design. The earliest known emblem (c. 1812) of local independence was based on the Spanish flag; it had red-yellow-blue stripes with a coat of arms. Later the colour blue was used in two quite different flags—one of equal horizontal stripes of blue and yellow, the other a plain

Wasil Ibn 'ata'

2004-10-03T06:44:00.000-07:00

As a young man Wasil went to Basra, Iraq, where he studied under the celebrated ascetic Hasan al-Basri and met other influential religious figures who lived there. In Wasil's time there began the discussions that led to the development of Islamic

Gate Theatre

2004-10-01T01:23:00.000-07:00

Dublin dramatic company, founded in 1928 by Hilton Edwards and Micheál MacLiammóir, whose repertoire included works from many periods and countries, unlike that of the established Abbey Theatre. From 1928 to 1930 the Gate Theatre made its home at the Peacock, then moved to its own building. The Abbey and the Irish National Theatre Society had provided a stage for national playwrights

Daghur

2004-09-28T16:11:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Daghor , or Dagur , Manchu Dahur , Russian Daur , Chinese (Wade-Giles) Ta-wo-erh , or (Pinyin) Dawoer , or Daur Mongol people living mainly in the northeastern portion of Inner Mongolia autonomous region and western Heilungkiang province of China and estimated to number about 121,000. Their language, once thought to be Tungusic or a mixture of Mongolian and Tungus, is now known to be an archaic Mongolian dialect preserving features found in 13th-century documents. Their own name

Abu Hanifah

2004-09-26T16:14:00.000-07:00

In full Abu Hanifah An-nu'man Ibn Thabit Muslim jurist and theologian whose systematization of Islamic legal doctrine was acknowledged as one of the four canonical schools of Islamic law. The school of Abu Hanifah acquired such prestige that its doctrines were applied by a majority of Muslim dynasties. Even today it is widely followed in India, Pakistan, Turkey, Central Asia, and Arab

Tapestry

2004-09-25T23:09:00.000-07:00

Tapestry is first of all a technique. It differs from other forms of patterned weaving in that no weft threads are carried the full width of the fabric web, except by an occasional accident of design. Each unit of the pattern or the background is woven with a weft, or thread of the required colour, that is inserted back and forth only over the section where that colour appears

Overseas Surveys, Directorate Of

2004-09-23T01:00:00.000-07:00

Surveying, mapping, and aerial photography agency of the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom, founded in 1946 to provide advice to the ODA and foreign governments and organizations on technical matters concerning all aspects of surveying and mapping. The maps are produced by modern aerial photography and photogrammetric methods. Aerial

Creativity

2004-09-20T21:23:00.000-07:00

Psychological experiments in the fields of motivation and learning have disclosed the power of novelty as an inducement to action. There appears to be an essential and continuing tension in higher organisms

Afonso V

2004-09-19T22:24:00.000-07:00

The son of King Edward (Duarte) and Queen Leonor, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Aragon, Afonso succeeded to the throne at the age of six. In 1440 his mother was deprived of the regency by his uncle Pedro, Duke de Coimbra, whose daughter Isabella Afonso married. The regent was in turn

Qabbani, Nizar

2004-09-17T03:39:00.000-07:00

Qabbani, who was born into a middle-class

Quinidine

2004-09-17T00:49:00.000-07:00

Drug used in the treatment of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia) and malaria. Obtained from the bark of the Cinchona tree, quinidine shares many of the pharmacological actions of quinine; i.e., both have antimalarial and fever-reducing activity. The main use of quinidine, however, involves its activity as a myocardial depressant—that is, it depresses the excitability

SecondTongue

Dentist Central London

Amphibolite

Brun, Rudolf

Albano, Lake

Romilly, Sir Samuel

United States, Effects of the War of 1812

Computers, Von Neumann's Preliminary Discussion

Amur

Pythagoras

Wyndham

Guyton De Morveau, Louis Bernard

Ovulation

Habakkuk, The Book Of

Visitation

Dwarka

Computers, The Internet

Zollinger, Albin

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

Berdyayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovich

Alkali Metal

Biblical Literature, Obadiah

Udall, Nicholas

Photography, Technology Of, Gamma radiography

Seshego

Brugge

Abrahams, Peter

Aaronic Priesthood

Race, Mendelian heredity and the development of blood group systems

Sete Lagoas

Insurance, Ocean marine insurance

Anthony Of Egypt, Saint

United Kingdom, Flag Of The

Coleroon River

Ear Disease

Amboseli National Park

Devil Ray

Juárez

Kyoto

Ca' Da Mosto, Alvise

Acadia National Park

Paer, Ferdinando

Yukaghir Language

A Cappella

Scandinavian Literature, Norway

Birnin Kebbi

Paul Of The Cross, Saint

Pembroke, William Marshal, 1st Earl Of

Earth Exploration, Remote sensing

Chiba

Kwanzaa

Furniture, Wood

Earth Sciences, Micropaleontology

Elephantine

Janssen, Johannes

Kediri

Kynaston, Edward

Mu'allaqat, Al-

San Jacinto, Battle Of

Viète, François, Seigneur (lord) De La Bigotiere

Literary Criticism, Medieval period

Atelectasis

Károlyi, Mihály, Count (gróf)

Aqtöbe

Heilbronn

Miracle, Sacred places

Robbins, Frederick Chapman

Nigeria

Tequila

Muharraq, Al-

Iblis

Arguedas, José María

Philetaerus

Illinois, Resources

Karatepe

Ear Disease

Economic Affairs

Soga Emishi

Proconsul

China, The Nien Rebellion

Computers, Von Neumann's Preliminary Discussion